By: Mohamed Sahr
The Energy Progress Report 2024 by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO) found that the world remains off course to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 for energy by 2030.
Sustainable Development Goal seven is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy. The goal includes reaching universal access to electricity and clean cooking, doubling historic efficiency improvements, and substantially increasing the share of renewables in the global energy mix. Attaining this goal will deeply impact people’s health and well-being, helping to protect them from environmental and social risks such as air pollution, and expanding access to primary health care and services.
The 2024 edition shows that current efforts are insufficient to achieve SDG 7 on time. There has been some progress on specific elements of the SDG 7 agenda, such as the increased rate of renewables deployment in the power sector, but progress is insufficient to reach the targets set forth in the SDGs.
The latest report confirms that the number of people without access to electricity increased for the first time in over a decade. The population grew mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa at a higher rate than the number of new electricity connections, leaving 685 million people without electricity in 2022, 10 million more than in 2021.
A combination of factors contributed to this, including the global energy crisis, inflation, growing debt distress in many low-income countries, and increased geopolitical tensions. However, promising trends in the rollout of decentralized energy solutions, largely based on renewable energy, are helping accelerate progress, particularly in rural areas where eight in ten people without access live today.
Meanwhile, 2.1 billion people still live without access to clean cooking fuels and technologies, with the number remaining largely flat last year. This carries with it huge implications for health, gender equality, and the environment, contributing to 3.2 million premature deaths each year. Renewed political momentum within the context of G7 and G20 and new financial commitments made at the Summit on Clean Cooking in Africa are buoying prospects for stronger progress later this decade. Still, efforts remain insufficient to reach universal access to electricity or clean cooking by 2030.
Other parts of the SDG 7 agenda have fared better recently. Renewable energy has seen robust growth over the past two years, and energy efficiency improvements are gradually improving after a drop-off during the pandemic, albeit still not enough to meet the SDG 7 target. New global targets pledged by over 130 countries in the United Arab Emirates Consensus reinforce the objectives of SDG 7 by aiming to triple renewable generating capacity and double the rate of energy efficiency. Immediate concrete actions are required to fulfill these targets, especially in addressing the large disparity in clean energy investment, of which 80% remains concentrated in just 25 countries in 2022.
The report’s key findings underscore that 2022 saw a reversal in progress, with the number of people living without electricity growing for the first time in over a decade. Today, 685 million people live without access—10 million more than in 2021. In 2022, 570 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were living without electricity, accounting for more than 80% of the global population without access. The access deficit in the region has seen an uptick relative to 2010 levels.
The world remains off track to achieve universal access to clean cooking by 2030. Up to 2.1 billion people still use polluting fuels and technologies for cooking, largely in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. The traditional use of biomass also means households spend up to 40 hours a week gathering firewood and cooking, which makes it difficult for women to pursue employment or participate in local decision-making bodies and for children to go to school.
Household air pollution caused by using polluting fuels and cooking technologies results in 3.2 million premature deaths each year.
Renewable electricity consumption grew more than 6% year-on-year in 2021, bringing the share of renewables in global electricity consumption to 28.2%.
Installed renewable energy-generating capacity per capita reached a new record in 2022 at 424 watts per capita globally. However, considerable disparities exist. Developed countries (at 1,073 watts per capita) have 3.7 times more capacity installed than developing countries (at 293 watts per capita).
The rate of energy intensity improvement saw a slight advance of 0.8% in 2021 compared with 0.6% a year earlier. However, this remains well below the long-term average. The slow progress in 2021 occurred amidst the robust economic recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic, which saw the largest annual rise in energy consumption in 50 years. Average annual improvements through 2030 must now accelerate to over 3.8 percent to meet the SDG 7.3 target.
International public financial flows in support of clean energy in developing countries rebounded in 2022 to USD 15.4 billion, a 25% increase over 2021. However, it is still around half of the 2016 peak of USD 28.5 billion.
Under current policies, by 2030, 660 million people will still lack electricity access, and around 1.8 billion will lack access to clean cooking technologies and fuels. Progress in energy efficiency rates also lags, reaching just 2.3%, well below the level needed to reach the SDG 7 target.
The report will be presented to top decision-makers at a special launch event on 15 July at the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) on Sustainable Development, which oversees SDG progress. The authors urge the international community to refocus efforts on providing the required financial, technological, and policy support to close the access deficit and ensure that all countries and communities can benefit from accelerated renewable energy deployment and improved energy efficiency.
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization, said air pollution and energy poverty are claiming lives, inflicting suffering, and hindering development. Transitioning more rapidly to clean energy and cooking technologies is essential for protecting the health of the 2.1 billion people without access and the health of the planet on which all life depends.
Guangzhe Chen, Vice President for Infrastructure at the World Bank, affirmed that electricity access is essential for development, and we need to work extra hard for the 685 million people deprived of this resource—10 million more than the year before.
Solutions exist to reverse this negative trend, including accelerating the deployment of solar mini-grids and solar home systems. The World Bank is actively working to support this acceleration, and jointly with the African Development Bank, we have committed to providing electricity to an additional 300 million people by 2030.
Fatih Birol, Executive Director of the International Energy Agency, said that to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 7, we will need to invest much more in emerging and developing economies to expand access to electricity and to clean cooking technologies and fuels.
Today, only a fraction of total energy investment is going to countries where the problems of electricity access and clean cooking are critical, not least in Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to climate and environmental benefits, addressing these challenges will bring a range of societal and economic advantages linked to gender equality, health, education, and employment. Our recent Summit on Clean Cooking in Africa mobilized USD 2.2 billion, building momentum for further progress.
Francesco La Camera, Director-General of the International Renewable Energy Agency, stated that renewables prove to be a leading player in increasing energy and electricity access year after year through the steady expansion of renewable power capacity. However, distribution disparity remains stark, as reflected in the international public financial flows in support of clean energy.
The rebound in the flows does indicate a positive signal, but it is nowhere near the needed amount to achieve SDG7. This should serve as a strong reminder that we are racing against time to reach the goal and still fail the most underserved in the world. The international community must have a strong sense of urgency to accelerate investments in renewable infrastructures and sustainable technologies, focusing on the least developed and developing economies.
Stefan Schweinfest, Director of the United Nations Statistics Division, added that Sustainable Development Goal 7 has been a guiding star in mobilizing efforts to provide affordable and clean energy to more and more people, while current trends make the SDG 7 targets seem elusive. Access to electricity and clean cooking has advanced since 2015, but now it seems most of the low-hanging fruit have been picked.
Renewable electricity deployment is on a growing trend, whereas other kinds of renewable energy are lagging. Energy efficiency improvements seem to have reached a bottleneck. Time is running short, and more focused policies and investments are fundamental to ensure the provision of sustainable energy for all by 2030.
